Summary Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have caused many, typically severe, human
infections since the first human case was reported in 1997. However, no comprehensive …

It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of
clade 2.2. 1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest …

In Egypt, avian influenza A subtype H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are enzootic in poultry. The
control plan devised by veterinary authorities in Egypt to prevent infections in poultry …

The avian influenza subtype H9N2 is considered a low pathogenic virus which is endemic in
domestic poultry of a majority of Asian countries. Many reports of seropositivity in …

In order to produce an efficient poultry H9 avian influenza vaccine that provides cross-
protection against multiple H9 lineages, two Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus continues to undergo substantial
evolution. Emergence of antiviral resistance among H5N1 avian influenza viruses is a major …

Abstract Background Avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been enzootic in Egyptian poultry
since 2006. Avian influenza H9N2 viruses which have been circulating in Egyptian poultry …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are enzootic in
poultry populations in different parts of the world, and have caused numerous human …

The emergence and spread in birds of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses,
along with the ability of these viruses to cause severe infections and deaths in humans (60 …

Human outbreaks with avian influenza have been, so far, constrained by poor viral
adaptation to non-avian hosts. This could be overcome via co-infection, whereby two strains …