Skin barrier structure and function is essential to human health. Hitherto unrecognized
functions of epidermal keratinocytes show that the skin plays an important role in adapting …

Dietary and bacterial metabolites influence immune responses. This raises the question
whether the increased incidence of allergies, asthma, some autoimmune diseases …

There is increasing concern about potential long-term effects of antibiotics on children's
health. Epidemiological studies have revealed that early-life antibiotic exposure can …

A bacterium was once a component of the ancestor of all eukaryotic cells, and much of the
human genome originated in microorganisms. Today, all vertebrates harbour large …

Many benefits provided by the gut microbiota to the host rely on its intricate interactions with
host cells. Perturbations of the gut microbiota, termed gut dysbiosis, affect the interplay …

Immature mucosal defenses contribute to increased susceptibility of newborn infants to
pathogens. Sparse knowledge of age-dependent changes in mucosal immunity has …

The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults
while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and …

It has long been assumed that establishment of the fetal microbiome commences with the
birthing process. However, recent studies have found bacterial DNA in umbilical cord blood …

This review focuses on the current evidence that maternal dietary and gut bacterial
exposures during pregnancy influence the developing fetal immune system and subsequent …

The spread of antibiotic resistance due to the use and misuse of antibiotics around the world
is now a major health crisis. Neonates are exposed to antibiotics both before and after birth …