Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a
significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have …

H5 influenza viruses have caused much alarm globally due to their high pathogenic
potential. As yet we have not seen sustained spread of the virus amongst humans despite a …

The endemicity of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) among Egyptian poultry represents a public
health risk. Co-circulation of low pathogenic AIV H9N2 subtype with highly pathogenic AIV …

H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 HPAI), is an endemic disease that is
significant for public health in Egypt. Live bird markets (LBM s) are widespread in Egypt and …

N-glycosylation can affect the host specificity, virulence and infectivity of influenza A viruses
(IAVs). In this study, the distribution and evolution of N-glycosylation sites in the …

Aim: The objective of the present study was to prepare a trivalent inactivated vaccine of
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H5N1, and H9N2 viruses. Materials and Methods: Three …

In recent years, avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have caused
large-scale outbreaks in many countries, including Egypt. The culling and vaccination …

Raising backyard poultry under low biosecurity conditions is a common practice in Egypt.
While vaccination is routinely applied in Egypt in commercial settings to curb the spread of …

First introduced to Egypt in 2006, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has resulted in
the death of millions of birds and caused over 350 infections and at least 117 deaths in …

Abstract Avian influenza A H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have been extensively circulating in
various avian species and frequently infect mammals, including humans. The synchronous …