The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been
appreciated. More recently, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in the control of this …

The gut microbiota comprises a complex community of microorganism species that resides
in our gastrointestinal ecosystem and whose alterations influence not only various gut …

Neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and serotonin, play a crucial role in
maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Studies on these neurotransmitters mainly …

The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its ability to influence the development and
function of the nervous system and several complex host behaviors. In this review, we …

The gut and brain form the gut-brain axis through bidirectional nervous, endocrine, and
immune communications. Changes in one of the organs will affect the other organs …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually characterized by cardinal motor impairments. However,
a range of non-motor symptoms precede the motor-phase and are major determinants for …

A growing body of evidence now highlights a key role for inflammation in mediating sickness
behaviors and depression. Systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis …

The gut microbiota has recently emerged as an important regulator of brain physiology and
behaviour in animals, and ingestion of certain bacteria (probiotics) therefore appear to be a …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorder, but the
underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Increasing evidence shows that brain-derived …

Emerging evidence has suggested that the gut microbiota contribute to brain dysfunction,
including pathological symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microbiota secrete membrane …