Apoptotic cell death is usually a response to the cell's microenvironment. In the kidney,
apoptosis contributes to parenchymal cell loss in the course of acute and chronic renal …

Vascular calcification (VC) is the heterogeneous endpoint of multiple vascular insults, which
varies by arterial bed, the layer of the arterial wall affected, and is propagated by diverse …

Background Vitamin K occurs in the diet as phylloquinone and menaquinones.
Observational studies have shown that both phylloquinone and menaquinone intake might …

Background Sclerostin (SC) is a monomeric glycoprotein expressed by osteocytes that
affects bone formation. Recent studies have suggested a potential role for this protein in the …

Vascular calcification results from an imbalance of promoters and inhibitors of mineralization
in the vascular wall, culminating in the creation of an organized extracellular matrix …

Vascular aging in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with progressive vascular
calcification, an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Pathways for vascular …

Calcification in a coronary artery is accepted as definite evidence of coronary
atherosclerosis. The extent and density of calcification, as combined in the Agatston score, is …

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a product metabolized from tryptophan, is negatively correlated with
renal function and cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) …

Vascular calcification (VC) is a process in which calcium phosphate crystals deposit within
the intima and middle membrane of the vascular wall. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a common …

Background Micro RNA‐125b (miR‐125b) has been shown to regulate vascular calcification
(VC), and serum miR‐125b levels are a potential biomarker for estimating the risk of uremic …