Understanding immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is
crucial to understanding disease pathogenesis and the usefulness of bridge therapies, such …

Cytokine Storm Cytokine storm, a life-threatening disorder involving cytokine elevations and
immune-cell hyperactivation, has various causes and is characterized by constitutional …

Introduction: COVID-19 presents benign forms in young patients who frequently present with
anosmia. Infants are rarely infected, while severe forms occur in patients over 65 years of …

INTRODUCTION Interindividual clinical variability is vast in humans infected with severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ranging from silent infection to …

The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against pathogens, including
coronaviruses (CoVs). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East …

Investigation into the role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia and
sepsis has been underway for many decades. This research has laid a strong foundation for …

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the role of T cell immunity in acute
and convalescent COVID-19 infection. Here, we shed light on the “known unknowns” of …

For several decades there has been accumulating evidence implicating type I interferons
(IFNs) as key elements of the immune response. Therapeutic approaches incorporating …

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum
of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to …

The risk of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia increases sharply after 65 years of age,
but other epidemiological risk factors, genetic or otherwise, are modest. Various rare …