Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses, ideally neutralizing
antibodies (NAbs), against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several vaccines, including …

Although respiratory failure and hypoxaemia are the main manifestations of COVID-19,
kidney involvement is also common. Available evidence supports a number of potential …

Protein kinases regulate nearly all aspects of cell life, and alterations in their expression, or
mutations in their genes, cause cancer and other diseases. Here, we review the remarkable …

The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral
infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health threat with
particular risk for severe disease and death in older adults and in adults with age-related …

The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, with
devastating consequences. While the medical community has gained insight into the …

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), results in life-threatening disease in a minority of patients, especially elderly …

Since the initial reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unidentified origin in Wuhan,
China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus that causes this disease—severe acute …

The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three
fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of …

Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, is mild to moderate in the majority of
previously healthy individuals, but can cause life-threatening disease or persistent …