Background The 'genetic diversity'hypothesis posits that polyandry evolved as a mechanism
to increase genetic diversity within broods. One extension of this hypothesis is the 'genetic …

Predators kill and consume prey, but also scare living prey. Fitness of prey can be reduced
by direct killing and consumption, but also by non-consumptive effects (NCEs) if prey show …

Hygienic behavior in honey bees reflects the social immunity against parasites and diseases
and is considered one of the main factors of genetic resistance of the bee breeding program …

Pathogens and pollutants, such as pesticides, are potential stressors to all living organisms,
including honey bees. Herbicides and fungicides are among the most prevalent pesticides …

Abstract Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the major
contributors to the significant losses of western honey bee, Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera …

Termites, being vulnerable to parasitic or pathogenic infections due to large number of
individuals living together in colonies, have evolved various behavioral and physiological …

Simple Summary Honey bees and other pollinators are threatened by numerous stressors,
including virus infections. Currently, no effective treatments are available, stressing the …

Simple Summary Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a widespread viral pathogen in western
honeybees. This work investigated the effects of DWV on honeybee and host defense by …

Honey bees pollinate various crops and wild plants which ensures food security. However,
in this modern world, bees are suffering. Decreasing global domesticated and wild bee …

Simple Summary The greater wax moth is known as one of the pests in the beekeeping
sector. Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis, which are the most significant microsporidia for …