The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

The complex microenvironment in which malignant tumor cells grow is crucial for cancer
progression. The physical and biochemical characteristics of this niche are involved in …

Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) have been employed in biomedical fields owing to
their advantage in designing a three-dimensional (3D) solid tumor model. For controlling …

Three-dimensional (3D) models have led to a paradigm shift in disease modeling in vitro,
particularly for cancer. The past decade has seen a phenomenal increase in the …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease where the tumor microenvironment, including
extracellular components, plays a crucial role in tumor progression, potentially modulating …

The cancer microenvironment influences tumor progression and metastasis and is pivotal to
consider when designing in vivo-like cancer models. Current preclinical testing platforms for …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly occurring cancer and primary cause of cancer‑
related mortality in women worldwide. Investigations into BC have been conducted in in vitro …

Despite advances in cancer treatment, breast cancer remains the second foremost cause of
cancer mortality among women, with a high rate of relapse after initial treatment success. A …

There is no targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which presents an
aggressive profile and poor prognosis. Recent studies noticed the feasibility of breast cancer …

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) culturing of cancer cells has been indispensable for the
development of anti-cancer drugs. Drug development, however, is lengthy and costly with a …