Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying
development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear …

Organoids are three-dimensional cell cultures mostly from tissue-resident or embryonic stem
cells (one or multiple) on hydrogels along with defined growth factors. Currently, matrigel is …

Advanced in vitro kidney models are of great importance to the study of renal physiology and
disease. Kidney tubuloids can be established from primary cells derived from adult kidney …

The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a major type of inflammatory bowel disease,
remains unknown. No model exists that adequately recapitulates the complexity of clinical …

The renal proximal tubule is responsible for re-absorption of the majority of the glomerular
filtrate and its proper function is necessary for whole-body homeostasis. Aging, certain …

The kidneys are often involved in adverse effects and toxicity caused by exposure to foreign
compounds, chemicals, and drugs. Early predictions of these influences are essential to …

Kidneys are critical for the elimination of many drugs and metabolites via the urine, filtering
waste and maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance. Emerging technologies …

The glomerulus is a compact cluster of capillaries responsible for blood filtration and
initiating urine production in the renal nephrons. A trilaminar structure in the capillary wall …

Recent developments in organoid culture technologies have made it possible to closely
recapitulate intrinsic characteristics of different tissues under in vitro conditions. These …

The postnatal kidney is predominantly composed of nephron epithelia with the interstitial
components representing a small proportion of the final organ, except in the diseased state …