Abstract Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a highly nutritious and functional fruit, is reported to
have various health benefits and has been extensively planted worldwide, especially in …

Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These
structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by …

Background CD33 is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility through
differential expression of isoforms in microglia. The role of the human CD33 short isoform …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are highly conserved
regulators of eukaryotic cell function. These enzymes regulate many biological processes …

How can single cells without nervous systems perform complex behaviours such as
habituation, associative learning and decision making, which are considered the hallmark of …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is generally observed in normal embryogenesis
and wound healing. However, this process can occur in cancer cells and lead to metastasis …

The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a sophisticated conserved cell signaling pathway that plays
an essential role in controlling cell specification and proliferation, survival factors, and tissue …

Signaling cascades provide integrative and interactive frameworks that allow the cell to
respond to signals from its environment and/or from within the cell itself. The dynamic …

Bioluminescence, the emission of light catalysed by luciferases, has evolved in many taxa
from bacteria to vertebrates and is predominant in the marine environment. It is now well …