High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large
number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC …

The present white paper is submitted as part of the “Snowmass” process to help inform the
long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science …

It is well known that the fraction of energy in a hadron collision going into electromagnetic
particles (electrons and photons, including those from decays) has a large impact on the …

We present a measurement of the momentum spectra of π±, K±, p±, Λ, Λ¯, and KS 0
produced in interactions of negatively charged pions with carbon nuclei at beam momenta of …

Experimental observations of extensive air showers have revealed an excess of the muon
content with respect to their theoretical simulations, which we refer to as the muon puzzle …

Applying Machine Learning (ML) methods for the analysis of muon lateral distributions in
Extensive Air Showers detected by citizen science projects, while taking into account the …

The lateral distribution of particles in extensive air showers from cosmic rays with energy
above 1017 eV registered at the Yakutsk complex array was analyzed. Experimentally …

Abstract The Pierre Auger Observatory has been detecting ultra-high energy cosmic rays
(UHECRs) for more than fifteen years. An essential feature of the Observatory is its hybrid …

The mass composition of cosmic rays evolves as a function of the primary energy, reflecting
the different processes that create and accelerate particles in our galaxy and beyond. At the …

Recent results obtained from leading cosmic ray experiments indicate that simulations using
LHC-tuned hadronic interaction models underestimate the number of muons in extensive air …