In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of
deaths and substantial morbidity worldwide. Intense scientific effort to understand the …

Recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron
variant (B. 1.1. 529) was first identified in Botswana in November 2021. It was first reported …

Abstract The B. 1.1. 529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was only recently detected in
southern Africa, but its subsequent spread has been extensive, both regionally and globally …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Abstract Since SARS-CoV-2 BA. 5 (Omicron) emerged and spread in 2022, Omicron
lineages have markedly diversified. Here we review the evolutionary trajectories and …

The unprecedented public health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused
by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been …

In response to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, the global scientific
community, through unprecedented effort, has sequenced and shared over 11 million …

The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel
spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the …

Breakthrough infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) in fully vaccinated individuals are receiving intense scrutiny because of their importance …