Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

The complex microenvironment in which malignant tumor cells grow is crucial for cancer
progression. The physical and biochemical characteristics of this niche are involved in …

In previous years, three‑dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has become a focus of
research in tumor cell biology, using a variety of methods and materials to mimic the in vivo …

Tumor cells evolve in a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of different cell
types and an extracellular matrix. Current 2D culture methods are very limited in their ability …

Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) have been employed in biomedical fields owing to
their advantage in designing a three-dimensional (3D) solid tumor model. For controlling …

In the last decades three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models have been proposed as a
bridge between bidimensional (2D) cell cultures and in vivo animal models, the gold …

Breast tumors grow in a tissue microenvironment containing extracellular matrix (ECM),
adipocytes, stromal cells, fluids, and blood vessels. This natural yet complex …

ABSTRACT Three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture models are becoming increasingly popular
in contemporary cancer research and drug resistance studies. Recently, scientists have …

Hyperthermic nanomedicines are particularly relevant for tackling human cancer, providing
a valuable alternative to conventional therapeutics. The early-stage preclinical performance …