Although many governments, financial institutions, and corporations are embracing nature-
based solutions as part of their sustainability and net-zero carbon strategies, some nations …

Adaptation is increasing across all sectors globally. Yet, the effectiveness of adaptation is
inadequate, and examples of maladaptation are increasing. To reduce the risk of …

Increases in concurrent climate extremes in different parts of the world threaten the
ecosystem and our society. However, spatial patterns of these extremes and their past and …

Increased extreme heat is among the clearest impacts of global warming, but the economic
effects of heat waves are poorly understood. Using subnational economic data, extreme …

Sea level rise (SLR) will increase adaptation needs along low-lying coasts worldwide.
Despite centuries of experience with coastal risk, knowledge about the effectiveness and …

Nature contributes substantially to human well-being through its diverse material and
nonmaterial contributions. However, despite the growing literature on the nonmaterial …

Irrigated agriculture accounts for∼ 90% of anthropogenic freshwater consumption, is
deployed on 22% of cultivated land, and provides 40% of global food production. Expanding …

The fast-paced development of computational tools has enabled tremendous scientific
progress in recent years. However, this rapid surge of technological capability also comes at …

Water scarcity is a global challenge, yet existing responses are failing to cope with current
shocks and stressors, including those attributable to climate change. In sub-Saharan Africa …

Many cities around the world are experimenting with nature-based solutions (NbS) to
address the interconnected climate-, biodiversity-and society-related challenges they are …