The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors that promotes cell growth, survival, and metastasis and
confers resistance to chemo and radiotherapies. Hypoxic responses are largely mediated by …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the protection and maintenance of
homeostasis in the brain. In this way, it is an interesting target as an interface for various …

Increased reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress have been implicated in
the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions including among others …

Background Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates the functions of B cells and myeloid
cells that are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Evobrutinib is a selective …

Background BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) was shown to have antiinflammatory and
cytoprotective properties in preclinical experiments and to result in significant reductions in …

Background BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) is in development as an oral treatment for relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis, which is commonly treated with parenteral agents (interferon or …

Major progress has been made during the past three decades in understanding the
inflammatory process and pathogenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been thought to be a complex and indecipherable disease, and
poorly understood with regards to aetiology. Here, we suggest an emphatically positive view …