The forced swim test (FST) measures coping strategy to an acute inescapable stress and
thus provides unique insight into the neural limb of the stress response. Stress, particularly …

Psychotropic drugs acting on monoamine neurotransmission are major pharmacological
treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a deterioration of brain function in patients suffering from
chronic liver disease, cirrhosis as a result of elevated blood ammonia and the production of …

Serotonin is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulation of
serotonin transmission in the CNS is reported to be related to different psychiatric disorders …

Abstract Rationale Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating depression.
Given the existence of different families and subtypes of 5-HT receptors, multiple 5-HT …

Dysregulation of brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission is thought to underlie mental
conditions as diverse as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, autism, and …

Animal studies over the past two decades have led to extensive advances in our
understanding of pathogenesis of depressive and mood disorders. Among these, rodent …

Physical exercise is a low-cost, safe, and efficient intervention for the reduction of
neuropathic chronic pain in humans. However, the underlying mechanisms for how exercise …

The therapeutic effects induced by serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
antidepressants are initially triggered by blocking the serotonin transporter and rely on long …

Background Resistance to antidepressant drug treatment remains a major health problem.
Animal models of depression are efficient in detecting effective treatments but have done …