We examine engagement in commercial activities (consulting, patenting, and founding)
among more than 2200 German and UK life scientists. We test hypotheses that include …

Innovation is central to long-run economic growth. This chapter summarizes the state of the
literature on the economics of innovation, highlighting open policy questions. We first …

How does collaboration between academic research and industry shape science? This
article argues that companies' relative indifference to theory nudges their academic partners …

Collaborative relationships are an important anchor of innovative activity, and rates of
collaboration in science are on the rise. This research addresses differences in men's and …

Gender and motherhood dynamics feature prominently in research that examines
professional workplace inequities. The rise of patenting as an available form of academic …

This chapter's focus on gender and scientific careers embodies a core tenet of science and
technology studies: science is deeply intertwined with processes of status building, power …

Recently, questions about gender gaps in science have extended to academic technology
transfer. Using systematic data on US medical school faculty, we capture both behavior and …

Women, people of color, and lower-income individuals patent inventions at significantly
lower rates than their male, white, and wealthier counterparts. Fewer than 20 percent of all …

Several decades of research show that women are critical to the social and economic
development of society. Women's role in families and communities enables them to act as …

Global and team science approaches are on the rise, as is attention to the network
underpinnings of gender disparities in scientific collaboration. Many network studies of …