In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now
we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication …

Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis
and function. In response to CNS injuries and diseases, reactive astrocytes are triggered. By …

Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly affecting older
people, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. In the recent years, the number of …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

Chronic pain is a critical clinical problem with an increasing prevalence. However, there are
limited effective prevention measures and treatments for chronic pain. Astrocytes are the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are both diseases with increasing
prevalence in aging populations. T2D, characterized by insulin resistance and defective …

Background Activated astrocytes play important roles in chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP).
Recent studies have shown reactive astrocytes are classified into A1 and A2 phenotypes …

Neuroinflammation is initiated in response to ischemic stroke, generally with the hallmarks of
microglial activation and collateral brain injury contributed by robust inflammatory effects …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which
astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation …