Timing is critical to most forms of learning, behavior, and sensory-motor processing.
Converging evidence supports the notion that, precisely because of its importance across a …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

The basal forebrain (BF) houses major ascending projections to the entire neocortex that
have long been implicated in arousal, learning, and attention. The disruption of the BF has …

In reward-based learning, synaptic modifications depend on a brief stimulus and a
temporally delayed reward, which poses the question of how synaptic activity patterns …

Neurons in rodent primary visual cortex (V1) relate operantly conditioned stimulus-reward
intervals with modulated patterns of spiking output, but little is known about the locus or …

Our understanding of aesthetic appreciation has undergone a profound change during the
past 20 years, as a result of the ability to study the human brain through neuroimaging. A …

Evidence dating back a century shows that humans are sensitive to and exhibit a preference
for visual curvature. This effect has been observed in different age groups, human cultures …

The neural bases of affective experience remain elusive. Early neuroscience models of
affect searched for specific brain regions that uniquely carried out the computations that …

Abstract Primary (“early”) sensory cortices have been viewed as stimulus analyzers devoid
of function in learning, memory, and cognition. However, studies combining sensory …

Experiences can alter functional properties of neurons in primary sensory neocortex but it is
poorly understood how stimulus–reward associations contribute to these changes. Using in …