Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

In the present article the putative role of environmental factors in schizophrenia is reviewed
and synthesized. Accumulating evidence from recent studies suggests that environmental …

There is a growing need for a better understanding of sex differences in animal models of
psychiatric disorders. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) test and large open field (LOF) test are …

Prenatal stress (PS) has been linked to abnormal cognitive, behavioral and psychosocial
outcomes in both animals and humans. Animal studies have clearly demonstrated PS effects …

Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has been linked with adverse health outcomes in the
offspring through experimental studies using animal models and epidemiological studies of …

Human epidemiological studies have provided compelling evidence that the risk of
developing schizophrenia is significantly enhanced following prenatal and/or perinatal …

Exposure to hostile conditions results in a series of coordinated responses aimed at
enhancing the probability of survival. The activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary …

Chronic intermittent access to alcohol leads to the escalation of alcohol intake, similar to
binge drinking in humans. Converging lines of evidence suggest that impairment of medial …

There exists considerable research on the effects of prenatal maternal stress on offspring.
Animal studies, using random assignment to experimental and control groups, demonstrate …

Rationale The birth of neurons, their migration to appropriate positions in the brain, and their
establishment of the proper synaptic contacts happen predominately during the prenatal …