Because of their mouthing behaviors, children have a higher potential for exposure to
available chemicals through the nondietary ingestion route; thus, frequency of hand‐to …

Understanding the short-and long-term impacts of a biomonitoring and exposure project and
reporting personal results back to study participants is critical for guiding future efforts …

Children are exposed to environmental contaminants by placing contaminated hands or
objects in their mouths. We quantified hand-and object-mouthing frequencies of …

Daily soil/dust ingestion rates typically used in exposure and risk assessments are based on
tracer element studies, which have a number of limitations and do not separate contributions …

Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food,
soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We …

Globally, gastrointestinal (GI) infections by enteric pathogens are the second-leading cause
of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age (≤ 5 years). While GI pathogen …

This study was conducted to describe exposure prone behaviors of infants and toddlers in
the farmworker community. Analysis of hand and mouth contact frequencies and durations …

To improve estimates of non-dietary ingestion in probabilistic exposure modeling, a meta-
analysis of children's object-to-mouth frequency was conducted using data from seven …

Background Heavy metals, pesticides and a host of contaminants found in dust and soil
pose a health risk to young children through ingestion. Dust/soil ingestion rates for young …

Information on the fraction of total hand surface area touching a contaminated object is
necessary in accurately estimating contaminant (eg, pesticides, pathogens) loadings onto …