Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

Rationale The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was first described almost 40 years ago
and has become a widely used model in the search for antidepressant drugs for major …

This paper evaluates the validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress (CMS) model
of depression. In the CMS model, rats or mice are exposed sequentially, over a period of …

The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has high validity but has in the past
been criticized for being difficult to replicate. However, a large number of recent publications …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …

BACKGROUND: Postmortem studies have repeatedly found decreased density and number
of glia in cortical regions, including the prefrontal and cingulate areas, from depressed …

Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation. Deciphering how disturbances to the
central nervous system at this time affect structure, function and behavioural outputs is …

It has recently been postulated that cytokines may cause depressive illness in man. This
hypothesis is based on the following observations: 1. Treatment of patients with cytokines …

Background Major depressive disorder is associated with disturbed circadian rhythms. To
investigate the causal relationship between mood disorders and circadian clock disruption …

Current antidepressants used in major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not efficacious
enough for many patients due to high levels of treatment resistance and bothersome side …