Hormone receptor (HR)‐positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐
negative breast cancer is defined by the presence of the estrogen receptor and/or the …

Abstract Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), commonly used as a proliferation marker in
breast cancer, has limited value for treatment decisions due to questionable analytical …

Background The recurrence score based on the 21-gene breast-cancer assay has been
clinically useful in predicting a chemotherapy benefit in hormone-receptor–positive, human …

Background Adjuvant and neoadjuvant breast cancer treatments can reduce breast cancer
mortality but may increase mortality from other causes. Information regarding treatment …

Background For women with early-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer,
adjuvant tamoxifen reduces 15-year breast cancer mortality by a third. Aromatase inhibitors …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. This
heterogeneous disease can be classified into four molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B …

Growing evidence demonstrates that circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) minimal residual
disease (MRD) following treatment for solid tumors predicts relapse. These results suggest …

Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as
a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence …

Background Trastuzumab targets the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein. Adding
trastuzumab to chemotherapy for patients with early-stage, HER2-positive breast cancer …

Metastatic dissemination occurs very early in the malignant progression of a cancer but the
clinical manifestation of metastases often takes years. In recent decades, 5-year survival of …