Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend
on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is …

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the international law applicable to cyber
operations, including a systematic examination of attribution, lawfulness and remedies. It …

For hundreds of years, states have sought to intervene in the affairs of others in a
surreptitious manner. Since the professionalization of intelligence services in the aftermath …

Attribution of cyberattacks requires identifying those responsible for bad acts, prominently
including states, and accurate attribution is a crucial predicate in contexts as diverse as …

The attribution of cyber attacks is often neglected. The consensus still is that little can be
done to prosecute the perpetrators–and unfortunately, this might be right in many cases …

Attribution of malicious cyber activities is a deep issue about which confusion and disquiet
can be found in abundance. Attribution has many aspects—technical, political, legal, policy …

This revised and expanded edition of the Research Handbook on International Law and
Cyberspace brings together leading scholars and practitioners to examine how international …

The Use of Force and International Law offers an authoritative overview of international law
governing the resort to force. Looking through the prism of the contemporary challenges that …

When compared to advancements in conceptualising deterrence in other domains, cyber
deterrence is still in it messy infancy. In some ways cyber deterrence practice outpaces …

Long after the conclusion of the 2016 presidential election in the United States, the story of
Russian hacking has lived on. Public reports of Russian interference with the election first …