The elucidation of the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules has
provided an important contribution to our current understanding of many basic mechanisms …

X-ray crystallography is the most powerful method for determining the three-dimensional
structure of biological macromolecules. One of the major obstacles in the process is the …

Advances in cryocrystallographic techniques for macromolecular crystallography have been
intimately intertwined with efforts to reduce the deleterious effects of X-ray damage inflicted …

Recombinant techniques are routinely used for the preparation of protein samples for
structural studies including X-ray crystallography. Among other benefits, these methods …

Cryocrystallography is an indispensable technique that is routinely used for single-crystal X-
ray diffraction data collection at temperatures near 100 K, where radiation damage is …

Macromolecular crystals commonly suffer rapid radiation damage during room temperature
X-ray data collection. Therefore, data are now routinely collected with the sample held at …

Interest in radiation damage is growing rapidly owing to the surge in macromolecular
crystallography experiments carried out at modern brilliant synchrotron macromolecular …

One of the most intriguing anomalies of water is its ability to exist as distinct amorphous ice
forms (glass polymorphism or polyamorphism). This resonates well with the possible first …

Density difference fluid flows and sedimentation of growing crystals are greatly reduced
when crystallization takes place in a reduced gravity environment. In the case of …

Flash-cooling of protein crystals is the best known method to effectively mitigate radiation
damage in macromolecular crystallography. To prevent physical damage to crystals upon …