Both common forms of diabetes have an inflammatory pathogenesis in which immune and
metabolic factors converge on interleukin-1β as a key mediator of insulin resistance and β …

Eukaryotic gene expression is a complicated process primarily regulated at the levels of
gene transcription and mRNA translation. The latter involves four main steps: initiation …

Type 1 diabetes is preceded by islet β-cell dysfunction, but the mechanisms leading to β-cell
dysfunction have not been rigorously studied. Because immune cell infiltration occurs prior …

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein
that binds ribosomes to facilitate the translation of peptide motifs with consecutive prolines or …

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key instigator of β-cell dysfunction in
diabetes. The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has previously been linked to β-cell …

Since the demonstration of its involvement in cell proliferation, the eukaryotic initiation factor
5A (eIF5A) has been studied principally in relation to the development and progression of …

The unique amino acid hypusine is present in only two proteins in eukaryotic cells,
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A1), and eIF5A2, where it is covalently …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Early
stage DR involves inflammation, vascular leakage, apoptosis of vascular cells and …

The polyamines spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic molecules. They
are critical in the regulation of nucleic acid and protein structures, protein synthesis, protein …

The polyamines—putrescine, spermidine, and spermine—are polycationic, low molecular
weight amines with cellular functions primarily related to mRNA translation and cell …