With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused
on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable …

Space is an extreme environment for the human body, where during long-term missions
microgravity and high radiation levels represent major threats to crew health. Intriguingly …

INTRODUCTION To date, 559 humans have been flown into space, but long-duration (> 300
days) missions are rare (n= 8 total). Long-duration missions that will take humans to Mars …

As bones are levers for skeletal muscle to exert forces, both are complementary and
essential for locomotion and individual autonomy. In the past decades, the idea of a bone …

Long-duration bed rest is widely employed to simulate the effects of microgravity on various
physiological systems, especially for studies of bone, muscle, and the cardiovascular …

National space agencies and private corporations aim at an extended presence of humans
in space in the medium to long term. Together with currently suboptimal technology …

In accordance with recent mechanistic advances, we recommend an applied, broad-based
two-phase approach to limit inactivity-mediated losses of muscle mass and function in older …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a well-known consequence of spaceflight. Because of the
potential significant impact of muscle atrophy and muscle dysfunction on astronauts and …

Abstract Space sojourns are challenging for life. The ability of the human body to adapt to
these extreme conditions has been noted since the beginning of human space travel …