An influential book written by A. Mosso in the late nineteenth century proposed that fatigue
that “at first sight might appear an imperfection of our body, is on the contrary one of its most …

Performance testing is one of the most common and important measures used in sports
science and physiology. Performance tests allow for a controlled simulation of sports and …

The use of doping agents, particularly anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), has changed
from being a problem restricted to sports to one of public-health concern. We review the …

Abstract The World Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for maintaining a Prohibited List that
describes the use of substances and methods that are prohibited for athletes. The list …

Drug use and abuse is perhaps the biggest challenge facing sport today. However, in the
eye of the storm of public and press opinion and with medals and morals at stake, it can be …

Although athletes are young and generally healthy, they use a variety of nondoping
classified medicines to treat injuries, cure illnesses and obtain a competitive edge. Athletes …

Athletes attempt to improve performance with drugs that act on the β‐adrenergic system
directly or indirectly. Of three β‐adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes, the β2‐AR is the main target in …

Use of performance-enhancing supplements occurs at all levels of sports, from professional
athletes to junior high school students. Although some supplements do enhance athletic …

Stimulants, illegal and legal, continue to be used in competitive sport. The evidence for the
ergogenic properties of the most potent stimulants, amphetamines, cocaine and ephedrine …

This paper reviews the prevalence of legal and illegal stimulants in relation to doping-control
analysis. Stimulants are among the oldest classes of doping agents, having been used since …