Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA (mRNA) vaccines emerged as leading vaccine
candidates in a record time. Nonreplicating mRNA (NRM) and self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) …

Since the discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA), there have been tremendous efforts to
wield them in the development of therapeutics and vaccines. During the COVID-19 …

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent public health threat with limited
preventative options. In this work, we developed a messenger RNA (mRNA)–lipid …

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as leading non-viral carriers for messenger RNA
(mRNA) delivery in clinical applications. Overcoming challenges in safe and effective mRNA …

The CD4-binding site (CD4bs) is a conserved epitope on HIV-1 envelope (Env) that can be
targeted by protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV-1 vaccines have not …

Licensed seasonal influenza vaccination results in variable effectiveness, and the
substantial residual medical need calls for novel vaccines to induce better and broader …

Immune imprinting is a phenomenon that stems from the fundamentals of immunological
memory. Upon recurrent exposures to an evolving pathogen, the immune system must …

With its unique properties and potential applications, nanoparticle-based delivery platforms
for messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have gained significant attention in recent years …

Biomaterials are substances that can be injected, implanted, or applied to the surface of
tissues in biomedical applications and have the ability to interact with biological systems to …