Although long-term memory consolidation is supported by sleep, it is unclear how it differs
from that during wakefulness. Our review, focusing on recent advances in the field, identifies …

Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Perivascular spaces are important highways for fluid and solute transport in the brain
enabling efficient waste clearance during sleep. However, the underlying mechanisms …

While sleeping, many vertebrate groups alternate between at least two sleep stages: rapid
eye movement and slow wave sleep,,–, in part characterized by wake-like and synchronous …

Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with
microglia—the resident immune cells in the brain—remains poorly understood. Here, we …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

Norepinephrine (NE) is an essential biogenic monoamine neurotransmitter. The first-
generation NE sensor makes in vivo, real-time, cell-type-specific and region-specific NE …

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) regulates arousal levels during wakefulness, but its
role in sleep remains unclear. Here, we show in mice that fluctuating LC neuronal activity …

Consciousness is lost within seconds upon cessation of cerebral blood flow. The brain
cannot store oxygen, and interruption of oxidative phosphorylation is fatal within minutes …

Gut microbiota is involved in intricate and active metabolic processes the host's brain
function, especially its role in immune responses, secondary metabolism, and symbiotic …