Background Appropriate interpretation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) involves the
classification of observed values as within/outside the normal range based on a reference …

Sex differences in the biology of different organ systems and the influence of sex hormones
in modulating health and disease are increasingly relevant in clinical and research areas …

Sex differences in respiratory function | European Respiratory Society Skip to main content
Main menu Home Current issue Past issues Authors/reviewers Instructions for authors Submit a …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

It is now established that airway smooth muscle (ASM) has roles in determining airway
structure and function, well beyond that as the major contractile element. Indeed, changes in …

Rates of preterm birth vary between different populations and ethnic groups. Epidemiologic
studies have suggested that the incidence of preterm birth is also higher in pregnancies …

Classically, hormones elicit specific cellular responses by activating dedicated receptors.
Nevertheless, the biosynthesis and turnover of many of these hormone molecules also …

Sex differences in susceptibility, severity, and progression are prevalent for various diseases
in multiple organ systems. This phenomenon is particularly apparent in respiratory diseases …

Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine
recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical …

There is increasing recognition that sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone) have biological and pathophysiological actions in peripheral, non-reproductive …