In the wild, animals are exposed to an ever-changing array of sensory stimuli. The captive
environment, by contrast, is generally much more impoverished in terms of the sensory cues …

Fear of predation is a universal motivator. Because predators hunt using stealth and
surprise, there is a widespread ability among prey to assess risk from chemical information …

Reptiles and amphibians have been neglected in research on cognition, emotions, sociality,
need for enriched and stimulating environments, and other topics that have been greatly …

There are gaps in knowledge that hinder our ability within zoos to provide good animal
welfare. This does not mean that zoos cannot or do not provide good welfare, only that …

Animal welfare is a high priority for pet owners and accredited zoos and aquariums. Current
approaches to measuring welfare focus on identifying consensus among behavioral and …

Environmental enrichment is a common approach for addressing stereotypic behaviour in
captive animals. Like many big cats, tigers (Panthera tigris) are renowned for their …

A wide variety of feline species have been shown to gain welfare benefits from the
introduction of olfactory stimuli to the captive environment. The effect of this stimulation on …

Enrichment is a vital component of husbandry and housing practices for captive primates.
Primates in enriched environments are better equipped to cope with the challenges of …

It has long been known that odors and olfaction play a major role in behavioral development
and expression in animals. The sense of smell is employed in numerous contexts, such as …

Simple Summary Among all taxa, messages transmitted via chemical signals are the oldest
and most universal. For Asian and African elephants, odors convey information between …