Individual differences in contact rate can arise from host, group and landscape
heterogeneity and can result in different patterns of spatial spread for diseases in wildlife …

Continuing outbreaks of pathogenic (H5N1) and pandemic (SOIVH1N1) influenza have
underscored the need to understand the origin, characteristics, and evolution of novel …

Filoviruses Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) cause haemorrhagic fevers with
high mortality rates, posing significant threats to public health. To understand transmission …

Ecoimmunology is an example of how fruitful integrative approaches to biology can be.
Since its emergence, ecoimmunology has sparked constructive debate on a wide range of …

The potential benefits of physiology for conservation are well established and include
greater specificity of management techniques, determination of cause–effect relationships …

A20 is an anti-inflammatory protein that suppresses ubiquitin-dependent nuclear factor κB
(NFκB) signaling, which can be regulated by the microelement zinc (Zn). In mammals, Zn …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are of great concern worldwide due to their economic impact
and the threat they represent to human health. As wild birds are the natural reservoirs of …

In recent years, a number of zoonotic flaviviruses have emerged worldwide, and wild birds
serve as their major reservoirs. Epidemiological surveys of bird populations at various …

To determine reference levels for on-farm stressors on immune responsiveness and growth
rate, 253 hatchling crocodiles from 11 known breeding pairs were repeatedly measured and …

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that uses felids as definitive hosts and warm-
blooded animals as intermediate hosts. While the dispersal of T. gondii infectious oocysts …