Background Tax policy is considered the most effective strategy to reduce tobacco
consumption and prevalence. Tax avoidance and tax evasion therefore undermine the …

Background Following a legal agreement with the European Union (EU), Philip Morris
International (PMI) commissions a yearly report ('Project Star', PS) on the European illicit …

Aims The purpose of this study was to update global estimates of the illicit cigarette trade,
based on recent data, and estimate how many lives could be saved by eliminating it and …

Objective Little evidence, other than that commissioned by the tobacco industry, exists on
the size of the illicit tobacco trade. This study addresses this gap by examining the level and …

Background The Illicit Trade Protocol (ITP) requires a global track and trace (T&T) system to
reduce tobacco smuggling. Given the tobacco industry's (TI) historical involvement in …

Background In the UK, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have been arguing that
levels of illicit trade are high and increasing and will rise further if standardised packaging is …

To address the illicit cigarette trade, the European Union (EU) has signed agreements with
the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) that involve establishing extensive …

Background Increasing tobacco prices through taxation is very effective for reducing
smoking prevalence and inequalities. For optimum effect, understanding how the tobacco …

Akcesja państw z Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 i 2007 r. była
momentem, w którym przed tymi krajami otworzyły się nowe możliwości w zakresie dalszego …

Abstract The Republic of Moldova, situated in a classic European borderland, remains an
alleged site of ungovernability given protracted economic and political crises following its …