An understanding of animal behaviour is important if conservation initiatives are to be
effective. However, quantifying the behaviour of wild animals presents significant …

Non‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to
shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator …

This account of the current state of foraging theory is also a valuable description of the use of
optimality theory in behavioral ecology in general. Organizing and introducing the main …

“Predation risk” and “fear” are concepts well established in animal behavior literature. We
expand these concepts to develop the model of the “landscape of fear”. The landscape of …

Why do species live where they live? What determines the abundance and diversity of
species in a given area? What role do species play in the functioning of entire ecosystems …

Mammalian predator-prey systems are behaviorally sophisticated games of stealth and fear.
But, traditional mass-action models of predator prey dynamics treat individuals as …

A trophic cascade recently has been reported among wolves, elk, and aspen on the northern
winter range of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, but the mechanisms of indirect …

We review the concepts and research associated with measuring fear and its consequences
for foraging. When foraging, animals should and do demand hazardous duty pay. They …

The risk of predation strongly affects mammalian population dynamics and community
interactions. Bright moonlight is widely believed to increase predation risk for nocturnal …

Habitat selection, and its associated density and frequency-dependent evolution, has a
profound influence on such vital phenomena as population regulation, species interactions …