Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively
regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical …

Tumour-derived exosomes (T-EXOs) impede immune checkpoint blockade therapies,
motivating pharmacological efforts to inhibit them. Inspired by how antiviral curvature …

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, and the survival
rate remains low despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. The progression of lung …

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the ligand for programmed death protein-1 (PD-
1), is associated with immunosuppression. Signaling via PD-1/PD-L1 will transmits negative …

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme is a malignant intracranial neoplasm that constitutes a
therapeutic challenge because of the associated high morbidity and mortality given the lack …

According to the conventional wisdom, programmed death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1)-
mediated immunosuppression was based on the physical contact between tumor cells and T …

Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) stands as an umbrella term for common
cutaneous malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-delimited nanoparticles released from all
types of cells examined thus far. Several groups of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles …

Lung cancer remains the first cause of cancer-related death despite many therapeutic
innovations, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). ICI are now well used in daily …