In most persons, blood pressure (BP) rises slowly during late sleep, increases rapidly upon
morning awakening and commencement of diurnal activity, exhibits two–morning and …

Circadian rhythms,≈ 24 h oscillations in behavior and physiology, are reflected in all cells of
the body and function to optimize cellular functions and meet environmental challenges …

An integrative evaluation of oxidative metabolism was carried out in 9 healthy young men
(age, 24.1±1.7 yr mean±SD) before (CTRL) and after a 10-day horizontal bed rest carried …

New Findings What is the central question of this study? It is well established that muscle
and bone atrophy in conditions of inactivity or unloading, but there is little information …

To evaluate the individual responses in skeletal muscle outcomes following bed rest, data
from three studies (21-day PlanHab; 10-day FemHab and LunHab) were combined …

The functional and structural adaptations in cerebral arteries could be one of the
fundamental causes in the occurrence of orthostatic intolerance after space flight. In …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review concerns human responses to
extreme environmental stresses. What advances does it highlight? This review highlights the …

The circadian clock extensively regulates physiology and behavior. In space, astronauts
encounter many environmental factors that are dramatically different from those on Earth; …

Abstract Future Lunar and Mars habitats will maintain a hypobaric hypoxic environment to
minimise the risk of decompression sickness during the preparation for extra-vehicular …

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Do females and males exhibit a
similar sarcopenic response as a consequence of normoxic and hypoxic bed rest? What is …