Chloride is the principal anion in the extracellular fluid and is the second main contributor to
plasma tonicity. Its concentration is frequently abnormal in intensive care unit patients, often …

The cell-to-cell lactate shuttle was introduced in 1984 and has been repeatedly supported
by studies using a variety of experimental approaches. Because of its large mass and …

When approaching the analysis of disorders of acid-base balance, physical chemists,
physiologists, and clinicians, tend to focus on different aspects of the relevant …

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is characterized by metabolic acidosis due to renal impaired
acid excretion. Hyperchloremic acidosis with normal anion gap and normal or minimally …

Objective: To review the salient aspects and latest advances in the management of the
postoperative pediatric cardiac patient. Data Source: A Medline-based literature source …

Disorders of potassium homeostasis are common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in
hospitalized patients. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia have been estimated to occur in …

The trace elements such as iron are vital for various enzyme activities and for other cellular
proteins, but iron toxicity causes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that …

The plasmatic strong ion difference (SID) is the difference between positively and negatively
charged strong ions. At pH 7.4, temperature 37° C and partial carbon dioxide tension 40 …

Systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) type I is a rare genetic disorder resulting from
mutations in the subunits of the epithelial sodium channel that manifests as severe salt …

Objective Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
disorder characterized by a normal anion gap with abnormal urinary hydrogen (H+) …