Precision oncology informed by genomic information has evolved in leaps and bounds over
the last decade. Although non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has moved to center-stage as …

The variety of diseases caused by mutations in RET receptor tyrosine kinase provides a
classic example of phenotypic heterogeneity. Gain-of-function mutations of RET are …

The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in neural crest-derived
cell lineages. The RET receptor plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, migration …

Germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are responsible for two unrelated neural
crest disorders: Hirschsprung disease, a congenital absence of the enteric nervous system …

Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are adaptor proteins that link signaling from upstream
activators to multiple downstream effectors to modulate normal growth, metabolism, survival …

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer, accounting for
greater than 80% of cases. Surgical resection, with or without postoperative radioiodine …

Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are signaling adaptors that play a major role in the
metabolic and mitogenic actions of insulin and insulin-like growth factors. Reports have …

RET (rearranged during transfection) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the
development of neural crest derived cell lineages, kidney, and male germ cells. Different …

RET and NTRK1 are receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) proteins which play a role in the
development and maturation of specific component of the nervous system. Their alterations …

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR) pathway is a central hub for the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle …