The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most selective endothelial barriers. An
understanding of its cellular, morphological, and biological properties in health and disease …

The complexity of the human brain poses a substantial challenge for the development of
models of the CNS. Current animal models lack many essential human characteristics (in …

Injectable hydrogel has the advantage to fill the defective area and thereby shows promise
as therapeutic implant or cell/drug delivery vehicle for tissue repair. In this study, an …

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of
death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a primary component of the brain extracellular matrix and functions
through cellular receptors to regulate cell behavior within the central nervous system (CNS) …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) culminates in chronic inflammation and glial scar formation driven by
the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Current anti-inflammatory strategies to treat glial …

There is an urgent need for predictive in vitro models to improve disease modeling and drug
target identification and validation, especially for neurological disorders. Cerebral …

Inherent limitations of the traditional approaches to study brain function and disease, such
as rodent models and 2D cell culture platforms, have led to the development of 3D in vitro …

The biomechanical properties of the brain microenvironment, which is composed of different
neural cell types, the extracellular matrix, and blood vessels, are critical for normal brain …

Abstract 3D cell culture formats more closely resemble tissue architecture complexity than
2D systems, which are lacking most of the cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions …