Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively
in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed …

Survival in a dangerous environment requires learning about stimuli that predict harm.
Although recent work has focused on the amygdala as the locus of aversive memory …

A panic response is an adaptive response to deal with an imminent threat and consists of an
integrated pattern of behavioral (aggression, fleeing, or freezing) and increased …

Research indicates that heightened anticipatory anxiety underlies several forms of
psychopathology. Anticipatory anxiety can be reliably and objectively measured in the …

Orexins comprise two neuropeptides produced by orexin neurons in the lateral
hypothalamus and are released by extensive projections of these neurons throughout the …

Orexins are neuropeptides that are exclusively produced by hypothalamic neurons, which
project throughout the entire brain. Orexin, also known as hypocretins, were initially …

Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid
A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central …

Survival depends on an organism's ability to sense nutrient status and accordingly regulate
intake and energy expenditure behaviors. Uncoupling of energy sensing and behavior …