Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells
cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide …

The remarkable capacity of immunotherapies to induce durable regression in some patients
with metastatic cancer relies heavily on T cell recognition of tumor-presented antigens. As …

Activated T cells secrete interferon-γ, which triggers intracellular tryptophan shortage by
upregulating the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme,,–. Here we show that …

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are an essential and universally distributed family of
enzymes that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, pairing tRNAs with their cognate …

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have been historically viewed as non-dynamic adaptors that decode
the genetic code into proteins. Recent work has uncovered dynamic regulatory roles for …

The discovery of the genetic code and tRNAs as decoders of the code transformed life
science. However, after establishing the role of tRNAs in protein synthesis, the field moved …

Heat causes protein misfolding and aggregation and, in eukaryotic cells, triggers
aggregation of proteins and RNA into stress granules. We have carried out extensive …

The molecular details of antigen processing and presentation by MHC class I and class II
molecules have been studied extensively for almost three decades. Although the basic …

Abstract tRNAs, nexus molecules between mRNAs and proteins, have a central role in
translation. Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity of tRNA …

The ability of mammals to mount adaptive immune responses culminating with the
establishment of immunological memory is predicated on the ability of the mature T cell …