Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent depressed mood, loss of
interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, recurrent thoughts of death, and …

Glucocorticoids are widely used to suppress inflammation or the immune system. High
doses and long-term use of glucocorticoids lead to an important and common iatrogenic …

Endogenous glucocorticoids are crucial to various physiological processes, including
metabolism, development and inflammation. Since 1948, synthetic glucocorticoids have …

Background Delirium is the most common neuropsychiatric syndrome encountered by
clinicians dealing with older adults and the medically ill and is best characterized by 5 core …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Adrenal glucocorticoids are major modulators of multiple functions, including energy
metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cognition. The endogenous secretion of …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Over the past decade, our understanding of the role of stress in serious mental illness has
become more sophisticated. In this paper, we revisit the neural diathesis-stress model of …

Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced
higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors …

Following the discovery of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and other brain
regions, research has focused on understanding the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain …