Laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits may harbor a variety of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and
fungal agents. Frequently, these organisms cause no overt signs of disease. However, many …

The trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, essential for nutrient
absorption, are kept under control by a single cell barrier and large amounts of immune …

Whether tissue microenvironment influences memory CD8 T cell differentiation is unclear.
We demonstrate that virus-specific intraepithelial lymphocytes in gut resemble neither …

The role of Ab and B cells in preventing infection is established. In contrast, the role of B cell
responses in containing chronic infections remains poorly understood. IgG2a (IgG1 in …

Although crucial to mucosal vaccine development, the mechanisms of defense against
mucosal viral infection are still poorly understood. Protection, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) …

The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are mostly T cells dispersed as single cells
within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. IELs are, therefore …

Unrelenting environmental challenges to the gut epithelium place particular demands on the
local immune system. In this context, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) compose a …

After systemic infection of mice with 10 4 PFU of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV),
infected cells are detected simultaneously in various organs, including spleen and intestinal …

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a significant but understudied lymphoid organ,
harboring a majority of the body's total lymphocyte population. GALT is also an important …

Vaccines are desired that maintain abundant memory T cells at nonlymphoid sites of
microbial exposure, where they may be anatomically positioned for immediate pathogen …