Metformin was first used to treat type 2 diabetes in the late 1950s and in 2022 remains the
first-choice drug used daily by approximately 150 million people. An accumulation of …

Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-
lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to be a substantial medical problem due to its
increasing global prevalence and because chronic hyperglycemic states are closely linked …

Metformin is the most commonly used treatment to increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-
resistant (IR) conditions such as diabetes, prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and …

Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time.
According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global …

The incidence and prevalence of metabolic and musculoskeletal diseases are increasing.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, inflammation …

Patients with diabetes mellitus have> 2× the risk for developing heart failure (HF; HF with
reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction). Cardiovascular …

Metformin can improve patients' hyperglycemia through significant suppression of hepatic
glucose production. However, up to 300 times higher concentrations of metformin …

In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of
its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various …

The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN) 1, OCTN2,
multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE) 1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific …