Despite the rising global incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, CNS drug
development remains challenging, with high costs, long pathways to clinical use and high …

Therapies directed toward the central nervous system remain difficult to translate into
improved clinical outcomes. This is largely due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), arguably …

To what extent does the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment communicate
directly with the extravascular compartment of human brain tissue? Interconnection between …

The glymphatic hypothesis proposes a mechanism for extravascular transport into and out of
the brain of hydrophilic solutes unable to cross the blood–brain barrier. It suggests that there …

Interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds the parenchymal cells of the brain and spinal cord while
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the larger spaces within and around the CNS. Regulation of …

Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

Tracers injected into CSF pass into the brain alongside arteries and out again. This has
been recently termed the “glymphatic system” that proposes tracers enter the brain along …

The central nervous system, one of the most delicate microenvironments of the body, is
protected by the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) regulating its homeostasis. BBB is a highly …

Key points It is unclear precisely how macromolecules (eg endogenous proteins and
exogenous immunotherapeutics) access brain tissue from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We …

This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of
clearances (CL, stated in µL g− 1 min− 1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of …