Invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation methods are widely used in neuroscience to
establish causal relationships between distinct brain regions and the sensory, cognitive and …

Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a disruptive medical technology, and its implementation in the
clinic represents the culmination of decades of research. Lying at the convergence of …

The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) holds great potential as a tool to alter neural
circuits non-invasively in both animals and humans. In contrast to established non-invasive …

The brain mechanism for controlling continuous behavior in dynamic contexts must mediate
action selection and learning across many timescales, responding differentially to the level …

While there is emerging evidence of sex differences in decision-making behavior, the neural
substrates that underlie such differences remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that …

Neural mechanisms that mediate the ability to make value-guided decisions have received
substantial attention in humans and animals,,,,–. Experiments in animals typically involve …

Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural
processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural …

Credit assignment is the association of specific instances of reward to the specific events,
such as a particular choice, that caused them. Without credit assignment, choice values …

Transcranial ultrasound is emerging as a noninvasive tool for targeted treatments of brain
disorders. Transcranial ultrasound has been used for remotely mediated surgeries, transient …