Background Initial hypotheses regarding the role of the κ opioid system in drug addiction
suggested that κ receptor stimulation had anti-addictive effects. However, recent research …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Alkaloids, represent a group of interesting and complex chemical compounds, produced by
the secondary metabolism of living organisms in different biotopes. They are relatively …

The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is implicated in the “dark side” of
addiction, in which stress exacerbates maladaptive responses to drug and alcohol …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global public health concern that affects millions of
people worldwide. Considering current research, addiction has been noted as the last stage …

BACKGROUND: Salvia divinorum (Salvia) is an increasingly popular recreational drug
amongst adolescents and young adults. Its primary active ingredient, Salvinorin A (SA)—a …

A number of studies over the last two decades have demonstrated the critical importance of
dopamine (DA) in the behavioral pharmacology and addictive properties of abused drugs …

The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, found in the leaves of Salvia divinorum, is a potent
κ-opioid receptor agonist, making it an attractive scaffold for development into a treatment for …

While narcotic analgesics such as morphine, which act preferentially through mu opioid
receptors, remain the gold standard in the treatment of severe pain, their use is limited by …

The opium poppy, PapaVer somniferum, is one of several plants that have profoundly
affected human history. 1 It has provided an unmatched medicine for the relief of pain for …