The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Increasing evidence suggests estrogen and estrogen signaling pathway disturbances
across psychiatric disorders. Estrogens are not only crucial in sexual maturation and …

Among the age-dependent protein aggregation disorders, nine neurodegenerative diseases
are caused by expansions of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts. We …

Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a
significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides …

Stress is associated with the onset and severity of several psychiatric disorders that occur
more frequently in women than men, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and …

Estrogens play a fundamental role in the physiology of the reproductive, cardiovascular,
skeletal, and central nervous systems. In this report, we review the literature in both rodents …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting
chemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products …

Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA) respond to food and social
stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear whether the same or …